Robert Lowry

Robert Lowry
www.hymntime.com/tch
Short Name: Robert Lowry
Full Name: Lowry, Robert, 1826-1899
Birth Year: 1826
Death Year: 1899

Robert Lowry was born in Philadelphia, March 12, 1826. His fondness for music was exhibited in his earliest years. As a child he amused himself with the various musical instruments that came into his hands. At the age of seventeen he joined the First Baptist Church of Philadelphia, and soon became an active worker in the Sunday-school as teacher and chorister.

At the age of twenty-two he gave himself to the work of the ministry, and entered upon a course of study at the University of Lewisburg, Pa. At the age of twenty-eight he was graduated with the highest honors of his class. In the same year of his graduation, he entered upon the work of the ministry. He served as pastor at West Chester, Pa., 1851-1858; in New York City, 1859-1861; in Brooklyn, 1861-1869; in Lewisburg, Pa., 1869-1875. While pastor at Lewisburg, he was also professor of belles lettres in the University, and received the honorary degree of D. D. in 1875.

He then went to Plainfield, N. J., where he became pastor of Park Avenue Church. In each of these fields his work was crowned with marked success.

Dr. Lowry was a man of rare administrative ability, a most excellent preacher, a thorough Bible student, and whether in the pulpit or upon the platform, always a brilliant and interesting speaker. He was of a genial and pleasing disposition, and a high sense of humor was one of his most striking characteristics. Very few men had greater ability in painting pictures from the imagination. He could thrill an audience with his vivid descriptions, inspiring others with the same thoughts that inspired him.

His melodies are sung in every civilized land, and many of his hymns have been translated into foreign tongues. While preaching the Gospel, in which he found great joy, was his life-work, music and hymnology were favorite studies, but were always a side issue, a recreation.

In the year 1880, he took a rest of four years, visiting Europe. In 1885 he felt that he needed more rest, and resigned his pastorate at Plainfield, and visited in the South and West, also spending some time in Mexico. He returned, much improved in health, and again took up his work in Plainfield.

On the death of Wm. B. Bradbury, Messrs. Biglow & Main, successors to Mr. Bradbury in the publishing business, selected Dr. Lowry for editor of their Sunday-school book, Bright Jewels, which was a great success. Subsequently Dr. W. Doane was associated with him in the issue of the Sunday-school song book, Pure Gold, the sales of which exceeded a million copies. Then came Royal Diadem, Welcome Tidings, Brightest and Best, Glad Refrain, Good as Gold, Joyful Lays, Fountain of Song, Bright Array, Temple Anthems, and numerous other volumes. The good quality of their books did much to stimulate the cause of sacred song in this country.

When he saw that the obligations of musical editorship were laid upon him, he began the study of music in earnest, and sought the best musical text-books and works on the highest forms of musical composition. He possessed one of the finest musical libraries in the country. It abounded in works on the philosophy and science of musical sounds. He also had some musical works in his possession that were over one hundred and fifty years old.

One of his labors of love some years ago was an attempt to reduce music to a mathematical basis. On the established fact that Middle C has two hundred and fifty-six vibrations per second, he prepared a scale and went to work on the rule of three. After infinite calculation and repeated experiments, he carried it far enough to discover that it would not work.

A reporter once asked him what was his method of composition — "Do you write the words to fit the music, or the music to fit the words?" His reply was, "I have no method. Sometimes the music comes and the words follow, fitted insensibly to the melody. I watch my moods, and when anything good strikes me, whether words or music, and no matter where I am, at home or on the street, I jot it down. Often the margin of a newspaper or the back of an envelope serves as a notebook. My brain is a sort of spinning machine, I think, for there is music running through it all the time. I do not pick out my music on the keys of an instrument. The tunes of nearly all the hymns I have written have been completed on paper before I tried them on the organ. Frequently the words of the hymn and the music have been written at the same time."

The Doctor frequently said that he regarded "Weeping Will Not Save Me" as the best and most evangelistic hymn he ever wrote. The following are some of his most popular and sweetest gospel melodies: "Shall We Gather at the River?," "One More Day's Work for Jesus," "Where is My Wandering Boy To-night?," "I Need Thee Every Hour," "The Mistakes of My Life," "How Can I Keep from Singing?," "All the Way My Saviour Leads Me," "Saviour, Thy Dying Love," "We're Marching to Zion," etc. "Shall We Gather at the River?" is perhaps, without question, the most widely popular of all his songs. Of this Mr. Lowry said: "It is brass band music, has a march movement, and for that reason has become popular, though for myself I do not think much of it." Yet he tells us how, on several occasions, he had been deeply moved by the singing of that hymn, "Going from Harrisburg to Lewisburg once I got into a car filled with half-drunken lumbermen. Suddenly one of them struck up, "Shall We Gather at the River?" and they sang it over and over again, repeating the chorus in a wild, boisterous way. I did not think so much of the music then as I listened to those singers, but I did think that perhaps the spirit of the hymn, the words so flippantly uttered, might somehow survive and be carried forward into the lives of those careless men, and ultimately lift them upward to the realization of the hope expressed in my hymn." "A different appreciation of it was evinced during the Robert Raikes' Centennial. I was in London, and had gone to meeting in the Old Bailey to see some of the most famous Sunday-school workers in the world. They were present from Europe, Asia, and America. I sat in a rear seat alone. After there had been a number of addresses delivered in various languages, I was preparing to leave, when the chairman of the meeting announced that the author of "Shall We Gather at the River?" was present, and I was requested by name to come forward. Men applauded and women waved their handkerchiefs as I went to the platform. It was a tribute to the hymn; but I felt, when it was over, that, after all, I had perhaps done some little good in the world, and I felt more than ever content to die when God called." On Children's Day in Brooklyn, in 1865, this song was sung by over forty thousand voices.

While Dr. Lowry said, "I would rather preach a gospel sermon to an appreciative, receptive congregation than write a hymn," yet in spite of his preferences, his hymns have gone on and on, translated into many languages, preaching and comforting thousands upon thousands of souls, furnishing them expression for their deepest feelings of praise and gratitude to God for His goodness to the children of men. What he had thought in his inmost soul has become a part of the emotions of the whole Christian world. We are all his debtors.

Rev. Robert Lowry, D. D., died at his residence in Plainfield, K J., November 25, 1899. Dead, yet he lives and his sermons in gospel song are still heard and are doing good. Dr. Lowry was a great and good man, and his life, well spent, is highly worthy of a place among the world's greatest gospel song and hymn writers.

-- Biography of Gospel Song and Hymn Writers

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Lowry, Robert, D.D., son of Crozier Lowry, was born at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 12, 1826, and educated at Lewisburg University. Having received ordination as a Baptist Minister, his first charge was at West Chester, Pennsylvania. From thence he passed to New York City, and then to Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1876 he was appointed Professor of Rhetoric in his University. On resigning his Professorship he undertook the charge of the 2nd Baptist Church, New Jersey. Dr. Lowry has been associated with some of the most popular Sunday School hymn-books published in the States, including Happy Voices, 1865; Chapel Melodies, 1868; Bright Jewels, 1869; Pure Gold, 1871; Royal Diadem, 1873; Tidal Wave, 1874; Fountain of Song1877; Welcome Tidings, 1877, &c. Of Dr. Lowry's hymns those which have attained the widest circulation are:—
1. Jerusalem, for ever bright. Heaven. Appeared in the American Tract Society's Happy Voices, 1865, with music by the author.
2. Low in the grave He lay. Resurrection of Christ. Written in 1874 and published in Brightest and Best, 1875.
3. Marching on, marching on. Sunday School Battle Song. Appeared, with music by the author, in Happy Voices, 1865.
4. My home is in heaven, my rest is not here. In Happy Voices, 1865, with music by the author.
5. My life flows on in endless song. Joy in God. In Bright Jewels, 1869; the Royal Diadem, 1873, and others in America and Great Britain, with music by the author.
6. One more day's work for Jesus. Work for Christ. Published, with music by the author, in Bright Jewels, 1869.
7. Shall we gather at the river? Mutual recognition in the Hereafter. The origin of this hymn is thus set forth in E. W. Long's Illustrated History of Hymns and their Authors, Philadelphia, 1876, p. 64:—

”On a very hot summer day, in 1864, a pastor was seated in his parlour in Brooklyn, N. Y. It was a time when an epidemic was sweeping through the city, and draping many persons and dwellings in mourning. All around friends and acquaintances were passing away to the spirit land in large numbers. The question began to arise in the heart, with unusual emphasis, ‘Shall we meet again? We are parting at the river of death, shall we meet at the river of life?' ‘Seating myself at the organ,’ says he, ‘simply to give vent to the pent up emotions of the heart, the words and music of the hymn began to flow out, as if by inspiration:—
‘Shall we gather at the river,
Where bright angel feet have trod?’"

In 1865 the hymn and music were given in Happy Voices, No. 220, in 5 stanzas of 4 lines and a chorus. The hymn has since passed into a great number of hymnals in Great Britain and America.
8. Take the wings of the morning; speed quickly thy flight. Exhortation to Repentance. Written for, and published with music by the author in, the Royal Diadem, 1873.
9. Weeping will not save me. Salvation through Faith. Published in the Chapel Melodies, 1868.
10. What can wash away my stain? Precious Blood of Jesus. Given in the Welcome Tidings, 1877, with music by the author.
11. Where is my wandering boy tonight! The absent Child. In the Fountain of Song, 1877, together with music by the author.
Most of these hymns are given in Mr. I. D. Sankey's Sacred Songs & Solos, Pts. i., ii.

--John Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology (1907)

Wikipedia Biography

Robert Lowry (March 12, 1826 – 25 November 1899) was an American preacher who became a popular writer of gospel music in the mid- to late-19th century. His best-known hymns include "Shall We Gather at the River", "Christ Arose!", "How Can I Keep from Singing?" and "Nothing But The Blood Of Jesus".

Texts by Robert Lowry (193)sort descendingAsAuthority LanguagesInstances
සුදිලි පළිඟු ලෙසින් (Sudili paḷin̆gu lesin)Robert Lowry (Author)Sinhala2
A better day is coming, A morning promised longR. L. (Author)English13
A brighter day is breaking, The nations are awakingRobert Lowry (Author)English3
A little child I am, indeedRobert Lowry (Author)3
A o pa de leti odoRobert Lowry (Author)Yoruba2
A song, a song todayR. Lowry (Author)3
Ahí en la cruz murióRobert Lowry (Author)Spanish2
Aia ho'i he punawaiRobert Lowry, 1826-1899 (Author)Hawaiian1
ஆழ கல்லரையில் இயேசு என் ஆண்டவர் (Āḻa kallaraiyil iyēcu eṉ āṇṭavar,)Robert Lowry (Author)Tamil2
إلى دجى الضريحRobert Lowry (Author)Arabic1
Amantoj de l' Sinjor', aŭdiĝu dolĉa son'!Robert Lowry (Author (Refrain))Esperanto2
Anywhere with Jesus says the Christian heartRev. R. Lowry (Author)English2
Arise and hail the dayRobert Lowry (Author)English3
Ati tuonane mtoni?Robert Lowry (Author)Swahili1
Awake, ye soldiers of the LordRobert Lowry (Author)4
Careço de JesúsRobert Lowry (Author (refrain))Portuguese1
Cast your care on Jesus He will share itRobert Lowry (Author)English6
ചേര്‍ന്നീടാം നദിക്കരെ നാം (Cērnnīṭāṁ nadikkare nāṁ)Robert Lowry (Author)Malayalam2
Come, let us be joyful today, The Savior arose, He conquered His foesRobert Lowry (Author)English3
Come, let us sing with the sacred throngRobert Lowry (Author)English4
Come, rest awhile and leave the world behind theeRobert Lowry (Author)English5
Come, we that love the Lord, And let our joys be knownRobert Lowry, 1826-1899 (Author (Chorus))English90
Come, welcome the New Year withRobert Lowry (Author)2
Come welcome the New Year with anthems of joyRobert Lowry (Author)2
Come, ye sinners, poor and needyRobert Lowry (Author)English1
Что вину мне может смыть? (Chto vinu mne mozhet smyt'?)Robert Lowry (Author)Russian2
Ĉu ni estos ĉe l' Rivero?Robert Lowry (Author)Esperanto2
Cubbu ko maltu dhiqa dhiiga Kristos duwwa dhaRobert Lowry (Author)Oromo2
¿Dónde estará mi hijo hoy?R.L. (Author)Spanish1
Draw near, O Lord, draw nearRobert Lowry (Author)English4
E na haipule neiRobert Lowry (Alt. Ref.)Hawaiian2
എൻ പാപത്തെ കഴുകാൻ (En pāpatte kaḻukān)Robert Lowry (Author)Malayalam2
El llorar no salvaRobert Lowry (Author)Spanish2
Emehaa'eveše Ahto'hohestovȧRobert Lowry (Author)Cheyenne2
Ён у труне ляжаў, наш АдкупіцельRobert Lowry (Author)Belarusian2
Es gibt ein Land, da Jesus throntRobert Lowry (Author)German1
ഏശീടില്ല ലോക ദുഖം, എൻ ജീവിതം തുടരും (Ēśīṭilla lēāka dukhaṁ, en jīvitaṁ tuṭaruṁ)Robert Lowry (Author)Malayalam2
Etonėšėhova'ȧhane havėsė?Robert Lowry (Author)Cheyenne2
Fa vi motas vid den flodenRobert Lowry (Author)6
Father, be with us, for the day is closingR. L. (Author)English2
Foi morto o SalvadorRobert Lowry (Author)Portuguese2
Frohlockt und preist den HerrnRobert Lowry (Author)German2
في اللحد قد قبرRobert Lowry (Author)Arabic1
Gentle and lowly, loving and holyR. L. (Author)English3
Gentle Savior, bless the childrenRobert Lowry (Author)4
Give me the wings of faith to riseRobert Lowry (Author)English6
Gloria sea al Padre de gran misericordiaRobert Lowry (Author)Spanish2
Glory to God, the angels sing, Over the earthRobert Lowry (Author)2
Gone to the grave is our loved oneR. L. (Author)English7
Há um rio cristalino na cidade do SenhorRobert Lowry (Author)Portuguese2
何能使我脫罪擔?無他,只有耶穌寶血!(Hé néng shǐ wǒ tuō zuì dān? Wú tā, zhǐyǒu yēsū bǎo xuè!)Robert Lowry (Author)Chinese2
Hear us now, O gracious FatherRobert Lowry (Author)English2
Hearken, ye soldiers, the trumpet calls for warRobert Lowry (Author)English2
Helpless I come to Jesus' bloodRev. R. Lowry (Author)English23
Here is love as vast as the oceanRobert Lowry (Author)English1
هل لقاء نجتنيهRobert Lowry (Author)Arabic1
Ho ve! ĉu sangis la Savant' Robert Lowry (Author (refrain))Esperanto1
Holy Trinity! Glory be to God the Father!R. L. (Author)English2
How much our parents cared for usRobert Lowry (Author)3
Hvar 'r min vilane son i kv'llRobert Lowry (Author)3
Hvor er min tabte Soen idagRobert Lowry (Author)2
I am resting on the promise of the LordR. L. (Author)English2
I leave it all with Jesus, for He knowsRobert Lowry (Author)English1
I need Thee every hour, Most gracious LordRobert S. Lowry (Author (refrain))English51
In finst'rer Gruft er lagRobert Lowry (Author)German6
In stiller Gruft Er lag—Jesus, mein Heiland!Robert Lowry (Author)German1
In the far off time a hundred years agoRobert Lowry (Author)2
இருண்ட இராவில் உருண்டு இறங்கி (Iruṇṭa irāvil uruṇṭu iṟaṅki)Robert Lowry (Author)Tamil2
Is there trouble in your life, Cast your care on Jesus (Lowry)Robert Lowry (Author)English5
"It is finished," Jesus criedR. L. (Author)English4
Jerusalem, forever brightRobert Lowry (Author)English26
Jerusalem im ewigen Licht, herrlisches Land der Ruh'Robert Lowry (Author)German1
Jesus is born! hail to the morn!Robert Lowry (Author)English3
Jesus wept and died for me (Chorus)Robert Lowry (Author)English1
Ka lani ku'u home e maha mau aiRobert Lowry, 1826-1899 (Author)Hawaiian3
Ki lo le w’ese mi nuRobert Lowry (Author)Yoruba2
كل إثم من يزيلRobert Lowry (Author)Arabic1
La tumba le encerróRobert Lowry (Author)Spanish14
Lead them, my God, to TheeRobert Lowry (Author)English1
Let the shadows round me gatherR. L. (Author)English3
Lift the voice in holy songRobert Lowry (Author)English9
Linger no longer, mercy is waiting for theeRobert Lowry (Author)4
Look not upon the wine with its ruby glowRobert Lowry (Author)2
Look to Jesus when you sorrowRobert Lowry (Author)2
Lord, this lesson brightenRobert Lowry (Author)English6
Los que amen al SeñorRobert Lowry (Author (refrain))Spanish2
Low in the grave He lay, Jesus, my SaviorRobert Lowry (Author)English408
මා පව් සෝදාලන්ටැත්තේ (Mā pav sōdālanṭaettē)Robert Lowry (Author)Sinhala2
ما ترى يمحو الذنوبRobert Lowry (Author)Arabic1
Marching on, marching on, glad as birds on the wingR. Lowry (Author)English45
മറുതലിക്കും മകനേ! ഈ രാത്രിയില്‍ നീ എവിടെ! (Maṟutalikkuṁ makanē! ī rātriyil nī eviṭe)Robert Lowry (Author)Malayalam2
Mein ganzes Leben ist GesangRobert Lowry (Author)German1
Mi vida fluye cual canciònRobert Lowry, 1826-1899 (Author)Spanish2
'Mid Christian hosannasRev. R. Lowry (Author)English4
Mit Jesu lass ich AllesRobert Lowry (Author)German1
Moe ma ka lua poRobert Lowry (Author)Hawaiian3
My home is in heaven my restRobert Lowry (Author)2
My life flows on in endless song, Above earth's lamentationRobert Lowry (Author)English79
My soul is happy all day long, Jesus is my SaviorRobert Lowry (Author)English11
My soul shall rest in hopeRobert Lowry (Author)1
Naitanem ti MañgisalacancoR. L. (Author)Tagalog2
நாமும் ஆற்றண்டை சேர்வோமா? (Nāmum āṟṟaṇṭai cērvōmā?)Robert Lowry (Author)Tamil2
Nos veremos en el rioRobert Lowry (Author)Spanish4
¿Nos veremos junto al ríoRobert Lowry (1826-1899) (Author)Spanish1
Now in this hour of prayerRobert Lowry (Author)2
Nuoli! nuoli! he nu kamaha’o!Robert Lowry, 1826-1899 (Author)Hawaiian1
O, dienet dem Herrn in dem Schmucke der HeiligkeitRobert Lowry (Author)German1
O golden hereafter, Thine every bright rafterRobert Lowry (Author)English9
O may a strain, like gentle rainRobert Lowry (Author)English3
O precious grace of God's dear LambR. L. (Author)English2
O, precious is the flow, That makes me white as snow (Chorus)Robert Lowry (Author)English1
O tell us of that worldRobert Lowry (Author)2
O thou, our FatherRobert Lowry (Author)2
O watch, ye people, watch and prayRobert Lowry (Author)English2
O worship our God in the beauty of holinessRobert Lowry (Author)English2
O worship the Lord in the beauty of holiness (Lowry)R. L. (Author)English30
O worship the Lord, worship the LordRobert Lowry (Author)2
On every sunny mountainRev. Robert Lowry (Author)English15
On the plains of BethlehemRobert Lowry (Author)2
Once I heard a sound at my heart's dark doorRobert Lowry (1826-99) (Author (Chorus))English1
One more day's work for JesusRev. Robert Lowry (Author)English1
Only a step to Jesus, Then why not take it nowRobert Lowry (Author)English16
Out from the depths of the starry skyRobert Lowry (Author)English2
Porzucil grobucieńRobert Lowry, d. 1899 (Author)Polish2
Praise ye Jehovah, come with songs before HimR. L. (Author)English7
Pule au, pule auRobert Lowry, 1826-1899 (Author)Hawaiian2
¿Qué me puede dar perdón?R. L. (Author)Spanish9
Reisend in's gelobte Land, durch der Wüste Glut und SandR. L. (Author)German1
Rejoice and hail the KingR. L. (Author)English6
Rolling downward through the midnightRobert Lowry (Author)English12
Royal Lord Jesus, Savior and BrotherR. L. (Author)English2
Sagt mir wo mag mein Kind wohl seinRobert Lowry (Author)German1
Sammeln wir am Strom uns alleR. Lowry (Author)German9
Savior mine, I am ThineLowry (Author)English3
Savior, Thy dying love Thou gavest meRobert Lowry (Author)English1
See, ye watchersRobert Lowry (Author)2
Seh'n wir uns an jenen UfernRobert Lowry (Author)German2
Shall we gather at the riverR. L. (Author)English621
Sing it out with a shout, hallelujah!Robert Lowry (Author)English5
Sioshwi dhambi zanguRobert Lowry (Author)Swahili2
Skal vi samles ved Livs-FlodenRobert Lowry (Author)2
Soldiers of Zion, on we goR. L. (Author)English9
Songs of glory fill the skyR. L. (Author)English2
Soon will come the setting sunR. L. (Author)English14
Sound the trumpet through the landRobert Lowry (Author)English3
祂躺臥在墳墓,耶穌我救主 (Tā tǎng wò zài fénmù, yēsū wǒ jiù zhǔ)Robert Lowry (Author)Chinese2
Take the promise as you goR. L. (Author)English4
Take the wings of the morning, speed quickly thy flightR. Lowry (Author)English2
Take up thy cross and follow me, O hear the blessed Savior sayRobert Lowry (Author)English3
Thanks to God we give for the blessed wordRobert Lowry (Author)English2
The crystal fount is flowing freeRobert Lowry (Author)3
The Lord our God is just and trueRobert Lowry (Author)English1
The sun may warm [raise] the grass to life [light]Rev. Robert Lowry (Author)English2
The tidal wave is flowing onRobert Lowry (Author)2
There is a realm where Jesus reignsRobert Lowry (Author)English13
There is only one name that the saints adoreRev. Robert Lowry (Author)English4
There's a demon in the glassRobert Lowry (Author)English4
Thy way, not mine, O LordRobert Lowry (Author)English1
To Christ, our Lord and faithful FriendRobert Lowry (Author)English4
To leave the world below march upward with our bandRobert Lowry (1826-99) (Author (Chorus))English1
Встретимся ли мы с тобою (Vstretimsya li my s toboyu)Robert Lowry (Author)Russian2
Was kann mich von Schuld befrei'n?Robert Lowry (Author)German1
Was macht mich von Sünden rein?Robert Lowry (Author)German7
Watch, for the time is shortRobert Lowry (Author)English16
We are on our march through a desert landRobert Lowry (Author)English2
We are pilgrims of a dayRobert Lowry (Author)English11
We are soldiers in the army, We have heard the Captain's callR. L. (Author)English5
We meet you here, our brethren dearRobert Lowry (Author)English3
We meet you here, our comrades dearR. L. (Author)1
We shall reach the sunny shoreRobert Lowry (Author)English3
Weak and weary, poor and sinfulR. L. (Author)English10
Weeping will not save me, Though my face were bathed in tearsRobert Lowry (Author)English47
Weit in der Fremde irrt mein KindR. Lowry (Author)German5
Werden wir uns wiedersehen, wo der Strom des Lebens fließtRobert Lowry (Author)German1
We're traveling through a desert landRobert Lowry (Author)2
We've made up our mindRobert Lowry (Author)English4
What can wash away my sinRobert Lowry (Author)English476
What is all the world to meR. L. (Author)English4
What wilt Thou have me to do? Low at Thy feet behold my prostrationR. L. (Author)English2
What words of holy comfortRobert Lowry (Author)English3
When life's labor song is sungRobert Lowry (Author)English12
When the morning light drives away the nightRobert Lowry (Author)English47
When we hear the music ringing In the bright celestial domeRobert Lowry (Author)English44
Where is my wandering boy tonight, The boy of my tenderest careR. L. (Author)English88
Where the youthful son of JesseRobert Lowry (Author)English2
While we look within thy wordRobert Lowry (Author)English4
With joyful hearts we hail the dayRobert Lowry (Author)English2
Within the holy placeRobert Lowry (Author)2
Wo ist, wohl jetzt mein armes KindRobert Lowry (Author)German2
Wo mag mein lieber Sohn wohl seinRobert Lowry (Author)German2
我們將要聚集河邊 (Wǒmen jiāngyào jùjí hé biān)Robert Lowry (Author)Chinese2
여 러 해 동 안 주 꺼 나 (Far from the Lord I wandered long)Robert Lowry (Author)English, Korean2
Yes, a brighter morn is breakingR. L. (Author)English3

Data Sources

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